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Ladder polymer

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In <a href="Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, a ladder polymer is a type of double stranded <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> with the connectivity of a ladder. In a typical one-dimensional polymer, e.g. <a href="Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> and polysiloxanes, the monomers form two bonds, giving a chain. In a ladder polymer the monomers are interconnected by four bonds. Inorganic ladder polymers are found in synthetic and natural settings. Ladder polymers are a special case of <a href="Cross-link" title="Cross-link">cross-linked</a> polymers because the crosslinks exist only with pairs of chains.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

According to one definition, a ladder polymer, adjacent rings have two or more atoms in common.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organic_ladder_polymers">Organic ladder polymers</h2></div>

Organic ladder polymers are of interest because they can exhibit exceptional thermal stabilities and the conformation of the subunits is constrained. Because they are less flexible, their processing can be challenging. An early example was derived from condensation of the 1,2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene with <a href="Naphthalenetetracarboxylic_dianhydride" title="Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride">naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

Poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) is a conjugated ladder polymer.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Its backbone is composed of aromatic rings and the ladder structures enable the uninterrupted polymer chains with periodic linkages. However, conjugated ladder polymers additionally contain pi conjugation via strong pi-pi stacking interactions and charge transport.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Traditionally, p-typed doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is used as conductive polymers, but BBL doped with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) can provide a n-type doped conductive properties for fabricating high-performance organic electronic devices.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> BBL's glass transition temperature (Tg) is estimated to be around 500 C based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> BBL is stable at higher temperatures. In addition to this, the stress-strain curves of BBL fibers were observed to be very high compared to other semiconductor fibers with a value around 105.8 MPa with the highest BBL polymer concentration.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inorganic_and_organometallic_ladder_polymers">Inorganic and organometallic ladder polymers</h2></div>

Some <a href="Silicate" title="Silicate">polysilicates</a> are ladder polymers. One example is provided by the mineral <a href="Tremolite" title="Tremolite">tremolite</a>.

In the area of <a href="Coordination_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordination chemistry">coordination chemistry</a>, the ladder structure is seen in some <a href="Coordination_polymer" title="Coordination polymer">coordination polymers</a>. Illustrative is the polymer [CuI(<a href="2-picoline" class="mw-redirect" title="2-picoline">2-picoline</a>]n. When the 2-picoline is replaced by a <a href="Tertiary_phosphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary phosphine">tertiary phosphine</a>, it forms a <a href="Tetramer" title="Tetramer">tetrameric</a> <a href="Cubane-type_cluster" title="Cubane-type cluster">cubane-type cluster</a>, [CuI([[PR3]]4 (R = organic group_. In both cases, the Cu(I) centers adopt <a href="Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">tetrahedral molecular geometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/L03441">"ladder macromolecule"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Metanomski, W. V.; Bareiss, R. E.; Kahovec, J.; Loening, K. L.; Shi, L.; Shibaev, V. P. (1993). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/1993/pdf/6507x1561.pdf">Nomenclature of Regular Double-Strand (Ladder and Spiro) Organic Polymers</a>" Pure Appl. Chem. 65 (7): 1561–1580.

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Scherf, Ullrich "Ladder-type materials" Journal of Materials Chemistry 1999, volume 9, 1853-1864. {{DOI: 10.1039/A900447E}}

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Grimsdale, Andrew C.; Muellen, Klaus "Phenylene-based ladder polymers" in Design and Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers, Edited by Leclerc, Mario; Morin, Jean-Francois 2010. Pp. 227-245.

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMamandQadr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mamand, Dyari Mustafa; Qadr, Hiwa Mohammed (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S207020512105018X#citeas">"Comprehensive Spectroscopic and Optoelectronic Properties of BBL Organic Semiconductor"</a>. Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces. 57 (5): 943–953. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS207020512105018X">10.1134/S207020512105018X</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-206X">2070-206X</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLeeKalinYuanAl-Hashimi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Jongbok; Kalin, Alexander J.; Yuan, Tianyu; Al-Hashimi, Mohammed; Fang, Lei (28 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5431637">"Fully conjugated ladder polymers"</a>. Chemical Science. 8 (4): 2503–2521. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC7SC00154A">10.1039/C7SC00154A</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1%2F183772">1969.1/183772</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5431637">5431637</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYangStoeckelRuokoWu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Chi-Yuan; Stoeckel, Marc-Antoine; Ruoko, Tero-Petri; Wu, Han-Yan; Liu, Xianjie; Kolhe, Nagesh B.; Wu, Ziang; Puttisong, Yuttapoom; Musumeci, Chiara; Massetti, Matteo; Sun, Hengda; Xu, Kai; Tu, Deyu; Chen, Weimin M.; Woo, Han Young; Fahlman, Mats; Jenekhe, Samson A.; Berggren, Magnus; Fabiano, Simone (21 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8060302">"A high-conductivity n-type polymeric ink for printed electronics"</a>. Nature Communications. 12 (1): 2354. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-22528-y">10.1038/s41467-021-22528-y</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8060302">8060302</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJenekheRoberts1993" class="citation journal cs1">Jenekhe, Samson A.; Roberts, Michael F. (August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ma00070a041">"Effects of intermolecular forces on the glass transition of polymers"</a>. Macromolecules. 26 (18): 4981–4983. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fma00070a041">10.1021/ma00070a041</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-9297">0024-9297</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZimmermanKoros1999" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmerman, Catherine M.; Koros, William J. (September 1999). "Comparison of gas transport and sorption in the ladder polymer BBL and some semi-ladder polymers". Polymer. 40 (20): 5655–5664. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-3861%2898%2900777-0">10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00777-0</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWangZhangLiXu2024" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Xiu; Zhang, Zhi; Li, Peiyun; Xu, Jingcao; Zheng, Yuting; Sun, Wenxi; Xie, Mingyue; Wang, Juanrong; Pan, Xiran; Lei, Xun; Wang, Jingyi; Chen, Jupeng; Chen, Yiheng; Wang, Shu‐Jen; Lei, Ting (8 March 2024). "Ultrastable N‐Type Semiconducting Fiber Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Highly Sensitive Biosensors". Advanced Materials. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fadma.202400287">10.1002/adma.202400287</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FC2009-0-30414-6">10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLeongVittal2011" class="citation journal cs1">Leong, Wei Lee; Vittal, Jagadese J. (2011). "One-Dimensional Coordination Polymers: Complexity and Diversity in Structures, Properties, and Applications". Chemical Reviews. 111 (2): 688–764. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr100160e">10.1021/cr100160e</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20804195">20804195</a>.</cite>

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